Where is the bowmans capsule in kidney

The loop of Henle forms a hair-pin structure that dips down into the medulla. It contains four segments: the pars recta the straight descending limb of proximal tubule , the thin descending limb, the thin ascending limb, and the thick ascending limb. The turn of the loop of Henle usually occurs in the thin segment within the medulla, and the tubule then ascends toward the cortex parallel to the descending limb.

The end of the loop of Henle becomes the distal convoluted tubule near its original glomerulus. The loops of Henle run in parallel to capillary loops known as the vasa recta. Recall from Physiology that the loop of Henle serves to create high osmotic pressure in the renal medulla via the counter-current multiplier system. Such high osmotic pressure is important for the reabsorption of water in the later segments of the renal tubule.

The distal convoluted tubule is shorter and less convoluted than the proximal convoluted tubule. Further reabsorption and secretion of ions occur in this segment. The initial segment of the distal convoluted tubule lies right next to the glomerulus and forms the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole.

It is located near the vascular pole of the glomerulus. The main function of the apparatus is the secretion of renin, which regulates systemic blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-alodosterone system. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of:.

The terminal portion of the distal tubule empties through collecting tubules into a straight collecting duct in the medullary ray. The collecting duct system is under the control of antidiuretic hormone ADH. When ADH is present, the collecting duct becomes permeable to water. Numerous collecting ducts merge into the renal pelvis, which then becomes the ureter. The ureter is a muscular tube, composed of an inner longitudinal layer and an outer circular layer.

The lumen of the ureter is covered by transitional epithelium also called urothelium. Recall from the Laboratory on Epithelia that the transitional epithelium is unique to the conducting passages of the urinary system. Its ability to stretch allows the dilation of the conducting passages when necessary.

The ureter connects the kidney and the urinary bladder. The ureter empties the urine into the bladder. The transitional epithelium continues over the surface of this organ. The thickened muscular layers become interwoven and cannot be clearly identified at this point. The urethra carries the urine away from the bladder to the outside of the body. In the male, it is joined by the genital system.

The epithelium changes from transitional to stratified or pseudostratified columnar in the urethra, and to stratified squamous in the distal end of the urethra. Answer: Podocyte: Foot processes assist in filtration barrier function by repelling negatively-charged molecules. J Cell Biol. Forster R. Effect of experimental neurogenic hypertension on renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rates in intact denervated kidneys of unanesthetized rabbits with adrenal glands demedullated.

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